Understanding 1st Degree Heart Block on ECG

Introduction

First-degree heart block is a mild form of atrioventricular (AV) block, meaning there is a delay in the transmission of electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles. It is often detected on an electrocardiogram (ECG) and may be incidental or associated with underlying conditions.

ECG Characteristics

  • PR Interval: The defining feature of 1st-degree AV block is a prolonged PR interval greater than 200 milliseconds (one large square on an ECG at normal paper speeds).
  • Regularity: Despite the delay, every atrial impulse is still conducted to the ventricles, meaning there is no missed beat.
  • No dropped beats: There is no progression to further heart block (such as 2nd or 3rd-degree AV block).

Causes

  • Increased vagal tone (e.g., in athletes)
  • Electrolyte imbalances (e.g., hyperkalemia)
  • Medications (e.g., beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, digoxin)
  • Ischemic heart disease
  • Myocarditis or cardiomyopathy

Clinical Significance

  • Often benign and asymptomatic.
  • Rarely progresses to a more severe form of heart block unless there is an underlying disease.

Treatment and Management

  • No specific treatment if asymptomatic.
  • Address underlying causes (e.g., medication adjustment, treating ischemic heart disease).
  • Monitor for potential progression in patients with structural heart disease.

Conclusion

First-degree heart block is a relatively benign ECG finding in most cases. However, in certain populations, it may require monitoring or intervention depending on associated conditions.

Source recommendations

1. 2023 AHA/ACC/HRS Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Bradycardia

  1. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001193
  2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30412710/
  3. https://www.hrsonline.org/guidance/clinical-resources
  4. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/cir.0000000000000499
  5. https://www.heartrhythmjournal.com/article/S1547-5271(23)02026-X/fulltext

2. European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Guidelines on Cardiac Pacing and Resynchronization Therapy

  1. https://www.escardio.org/Guidelines/Clinical-Practice-Guidelines/Cardiac-Pacing-and-Cardiac-Resynchronization-Therapy
  2. https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/42/35/3427/6358547
  3. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34455430/
  4. https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/34/29/2281/401445
  5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23801827/

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