Causes of Abnormal Heartbeat (Arrhythmia)

Introduction

An abnormal heartbeat, also called arrhythmia, occurs when the heart beats too fast, too slow, or irregularly. While some arrhythmias are harmless, others can indicate serious heart problems.

Types of Arrhythmias

1. Tachycardia (Fast Heartbeat)

  • Heart rate above 100 beats per minute.
  • Common types: Atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, supraventricular tachycardia.

2. Bradycardia (Slow Heartbeat)

  • Heart rate below 60 beats per minute.
  • Common causes: Sinus node dysfunction, heart block.

3. Irregular Heartbeats

  • Includes atrial fibrillation (uncoordinated rapid heartbeats) and premature beats (extra heartbeats occurring early).

Causes of Abnormal Heartbeats

1. Heart-Related Causes

  • Coronary artery disease (narrowed heart arteries).
  • Heart attack (damages heart tissue and disrupts electrical signals).
  • Heart failure.
  • Heart valve disorders.
  • Congenital heart defects.

2. Medical Conditions

  • High blood pressure.
  • Thyroid disorders (both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism).
  • Diabetes (damages blood vessels and nerves controlling the heart).
  • Sleep apnea.

3. Lifestyle and External Factors

  • Excessive caffeine or alcohol.
  • Drug abuse (stimulants such as cocaine, methamphetamine).
  • Electrolyte imbalances (e.g., potassium, magnesium, or calcium imbalances).
  • Smoking (damages blood vessels and affects heart rhythm).
  • Emotional stress or anxiety (triggers irregular heartbeats).

Symptoms of Arrhythmia

  • Palpitations (fluttering sensation in the chest).
  • Dizziness or fainting.
  • Shortness of breath.
  • Chest pain or discomfort.
  • Fatigue.
  • Sudden cardiac arrest (in severe cases)

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosis

Doctors may use:

  • Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG) to detect abnormal electrical activity.
  • Holter monitor for continuous tracking.
  • Echocardiogram to examine heart structure.
  • Blood tests to check for imbalances.

Treatment Options

  • Lifestyle Changes: Reduce caffeine, avoid stress, stop smoking.
  • Medications: Beta-blockers, anti-arrhythmic drugs.
  • Procedures: Pacemakers, catheter ablation.
  • Surgery: In rare cases, medical implants or surgery may be needed.

Conclusion

If you experience irregular heartbeats frequently, seek medical attention. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent serious complications like stroke or heart failure.

Source recommendations

1. American Heart Association Guidelines on Arrhythmias

  1. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/arrhythmia
  2. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001193
  3. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/arrhythmia/about-arrhythmia
  4. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000549
  5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29084733/

2. European Society of Cardiology Guidelines on Arrhythmia Management

  1. https://www.escardio.org/Guidelines/Clinical-Practice-Guidelines/Atrial-Fibrillation
  2. https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/43/40/3997/6675633
  3. https://www.escardio.org/static-file/Escardio/Guidelines/Documents/ehaa612.pdf
  4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32860505/
  5. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/01.cir.0000091380.04100.84

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