Arrhythmia: Definition and Explanation

Introduction

Arrhythmia is a term used to describe an irregular heartbeat or abnormal heart rhythm. The heart may beat too fast (tachycardia), too slow (bradycardia), or with an irregular pattern. This can be caused by issues with the electrical signals that coordinate the heartbeat.

Types of Arrhythmia

  1. Tachycardia – Faster than normal heartbeat (above 100 beats per minute).
    • Atrial fibrillation (AFib)
    • Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT)
    • Ventricular tachycardia
  2. Bradycardia – Slower than normal heartbeat (below 60 beats per minute).
    • Sinus bradycardia
    • Heart block
  3. Irregular Rhythms – Heartbeats that are uneven or inconsistent.
    • Atrial flutter
    • Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)

Causes of Arrhythmia

  • Heart disease (coronary artery disease, heart failure, valve disease)
  • High blood pressure
  • Electrolyte imbalances (potassium, magnesium, calcium levels)
  • Excessive caffeine, alcohol, or nicotine consumption
  • Stress and anxiety
  • Certain medications

Symptoms of Arrhythmia

  • Palpitations (feeling like the heart is racing or skipping beats)
  • Dizziness or lightheadedness
  • Shortness of breath
  • Chest pain
  • Fatigue

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosis

  • Electrocardiogram (ECG) – Records the heart’s electrical activity.
  • Holter Monitor – A portable ECG worn for 24-48 hours.
  • Echocardiogram – Uses ultrasound to create images of the heart.
  • Electrophysiological Study (EPS) – Assesses electrical activity of the heart.

Treatment

  • Medications – Beta-blockers, antiarrhythmics, anticoagulants.
  • Lifestyle Modifications – Reducing stress, avoiding stimulants.
  • Medical Procedures – Cardioversion, catheter ablation, pacemakers, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD).

Conclusion

Arrhythmias can vary in severity, from harmless to life-threatening. Early diagnosis and management are crucial in preventing complications such as stroke or heart failure. If you experience symptoms of arrhythmia, consult a cardiologist for proper evaluation and treatment.

Source recommendations

1. American Heart Association Guidelines on Arrhythmias

  1. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/arrhythmia
  2. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001193
  3. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/arrhythmia/about-arrhythmia
  4. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000549
  5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29084733/

2. European Society of Cardiology Guidelines on Arrhythmias

  1. https://www.escardio.org/Guidelines/Clinical-Practice-Guidelines/Ventricular-Arrhythmias-and-the-Prevention-of-Sudden-Cardiac-Death
  2. https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/43/40/3997/6675633
  3. https://www.escardio.org/Guidelines/Clinical-Practice-Guidelines/Supraventricular-Tachycardia
  4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36017572/
  5. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/01.cir.0000091380.04100.84

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