Atrioventricular Reentrant Tachycardia (AVRT) and ECG Findings

Introduction

Atrioventricular Reentrant Tachycardia (AVRT) is a type of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) seen in conditions like Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome. It occurs due to an accessory pathway (extra electrical connection) between the atria and ventricles, leading to a reentrant circuit and causing rapid heart rhythms.

ECG Characteristics of AVRT

AVRT can present in different forms:

1. Orthodromic AVRT (90-95% of cases):

  • Narrow QRS complexes (because conduction occurs normally through the AV node and His-Purkinje system).
  • No delta wave (unlike WPW during sinus rhythm).
  • Retrograde P waves (often buried in or shortly after the QRS complex).
  • Regular, fast rhythm (150-250 bpm).

2. Antidromic AVRT (5-10% of cases):

  • Wide QRS complexes (because conduction occurs through the accessory pathway first).
  • May resemble ventricular tachycardia (VT) on ECG.
  • Delta wave may be present if pre-excitation occurs.
  • Fast heart rate (150-250 bpm).

Clinical Considerations and Management

  • Acute treatment: Vagal maneuvers (e.g., carotid massage, Valsalva maneuver), adenosine (for orthodromic AVRT), or electrical cardioversion if unstable.
  • Chronic management: Beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, or catheter ablation of the accessory pathway to prevent recurrence.
  • Avoid AV nodal blockers (adenosine, beta-blockers, diltiazem, verapamil) in antidromic AVRT due to the risk of increased conduction through the accessory pathway and potential ventricular fibrillation.

Conclusion

Recognizing AVRT on ECG is crucial for proper diagnosis and treatment. Distinguishing between orthodromic and antidromic AVRT helps guide appropriate management strategies.

References

  • American Heart Association (AHA) and European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines provide management recommendations for supraventricular tachycardia, including AVRT.

Source recommendations

1. 2020 American Heart Association (AHA) Guidelines for the Management of Supraventricular Tachycardia

  1. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/cir.0000000000000311
  2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33215931/
  3. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001193
  4. https://cpr.heart.org/en/resuscitation-science/cpr-and-ecc-guidelines/algorithms
  5. https://professional.heart.org/en/science-news/2020-aha-guidelines-for-cpr-and-ecc

2. 2019 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Guidelines for the Management of Supraventricular Tachycardia

  1. https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/41/5/655/5556821
  2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31504425/
  3. https://www.escardio.org/Guidelines/Clinical-Practice-Guidelines/Supraventricular-Tachycardia
  4. https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/ten-points-to-remember/2019/09/10/12/36/2019-ESC-Guidelines-for-Supraventricular-Tachycardia
  5. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6955050/

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