Causes of Ventricular Tachycardia (V-Tach)

Introduction

Ventricular tachycardia (V-Tach) is a serious heart rhythm disorder originating in the ventricles. It can lead to life-threatening complications, such as ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest. Understanding its causes is essential for diagnosis and treatment.

Main Causes

1. Structural Heart Disease

  • Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): Reduced blood supply due to atherosclerosis can lead to scarring and electrical instability.
  • Previous Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack): Scar tissue disrupts normal electrical conduction, leading to arrhythmia.
  • Cardiomyopathy: Diseases like dilated or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy can cause V-Tach by altering heart muscle function.
  • Congenital Heart Defects: Structural abnormalities present from birth can predispose individuals to arrhythmias.

2. Electrolyte Imbalances

  • Low potassium (Hypokalemia) and low magnesium (Hypomagnesemia) can destabilize the heart’s electrical activity.

3. Drug-Induced Causes

  • Certain medications, including antiarrhythmics, antidepressants, or stimulants, can trigger V-Tach.
  • Recreational drugs like cocaine or methamphetamine can also be triggers.

4. Genetic Disorders

  • Long QT Syndrome: Prolonged repolarization increases the risk of dangerous arrhythmias.
  • Brugada Syndrome: A genetic disorder affecting ion channels in the heart.
  • Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia (CPVT): An inherited condition triggered by physical or emotional stress.

5. Other Medical Conditions

  • Heart Failure: Weakening of the heart muscle increases arrhythmia risk.
  • Myocarditis: Inflammation of the heart muscle due to infections or autoimmune diseases.
  • Metabolic Disorders: Conditions like thyroid dysfunction can impact heart rhythm.

Conclusion

Ventricular tachycardia is a potentially life-threatening condition with multiple possible causes. Identifying the underlying cause is essential for tailoring treatment and preventing complications. If V-Tach is suspected, medical attention is crucial.

Source recommendations

1. American Heart Association Guidelines on Ventricular Arrhythmias

  1. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000549
  2. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/arrhythmia/about-arrhythmia/tachycardia--fast-heart-rate
  3. https://cpr.heart.org/en/resuscitation-science/cpr-and-ecc-guidelines/algorithms
  4. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/arrhythmia/about-arrhythmia/ventricular-fibrillation
  5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29097320/

2. European Society of Cardiology Guidelines for the Management of Ventricular Arrhythmias

  1. https://www.escardio.org/Guidelines/Clinical-Practice-Guidelines/Ventricular-Arrhythmias-and-the-Prevention-of-Sudden-Cardiac-Death
  2. https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/43/40/3997/6675633
  3. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000549
  4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36017572/
  5. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405500X22010945

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