Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Testing

Introduction

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a group of conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels. Early detection is crucial for preventing severe complications such as heart attacks and strokes. In this lecture, we will cover the main tests used to diagnose and monitor CVD.

Common Tests for CVD

1. Blood Tests

  • Lipid Profile: Measures cholesterol levels to assess the risk of atherosclerosis.
  • Troponin: Detects heart muscle damage, commonly used for heart attack diagnosis.
  • C-reactive Protein (CRP): Indicates inflammation, which is associated with heart disease risk.
  • Blood Glucose & HbA1c: Evaluates diabetes status, which is a major risk factor for CVD.

2. Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)

  • Records the heart's electrical activity.
  • Helps identify arrhythmias, ischemia, and past heart attacks.

3. Echocardiogram

  • Uses ultrasound to visualize heart structure and function.
  • Assesses heart muscle performance, valve diseases, and congenital abnormalities.

4. Exercise Stress Test

  • Measures heart function under physical exertion.
  • Detects ischemia (reduced blood flow to the heart muscle).

5. Cardiac CT and Coronary Calcium Score

  • Detects calcium deposits in coronary arteries, assessing atherosclerosis risk.
  • Used for early detection in asymptomatic patients at risk.

6. Cardiac MRI

  • Provides detailed imaging of heart structures and tissues.
  • Useful for diagnosing cardiomyopathies and myocardial inflammation.

7. Coronary Angiography (Cardiac Catheterization)

  • Involves the injection of contrast dye into coronary arteries to visualize blockages.
  • Recommended for patients with suspected severe coronary artery disease.

Conclusion

Early diagnosis through appropriate testing is essential in managing cardiovascular disease effectively. Your doctor will recommend tests based on your symptoms, medical history, and risk factors.

Source recommendations

1. American Heart Association Guidelines on Cardiovascular Risk Assessment

  1. https://professional.heart.org/en/guidelines-and-statements/prevent-calculator
  2. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000677
  3. https://newsroom.heart.org/news/leading-cardiologists-reveal-new-heart-disease-risk-calculator
  4. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/cir.0000000000000678
  5. https://tools.acc.org/ascvd-risk-estimator-plus/

2. European Society of Cardiology Guidelines on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention

  1. https://www.escardio.org/Guidelines/Clinical-Practice-Guidelines/CVD-Prevention-Guidelines
  2. https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/42/34/3227/6358713
  3. https://www.escardio.org/Guidelines/Clinical-Practice-Guidelines/CVD-and-Diabetes-Guidelines
  4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34458905/
  5. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/cir.0000000000000678

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