Understanding ECG and Heartbeat

Introduction

An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a test that records the electrical activity of the heart over a period of time. It is commonly used to assess heart rhythm, detect abnormalities, and evaluate overall heart health.

How Does the Heartbeat Work?

The heart beats due to electrical impulses that originate from a natural pacemaker called the sinoatrial (SA) node . These impulses travel through specific pathways, leading to coordinated contractions of the heart chambers:

  1. SA Node (Natural Pacemaker): Initiates electrical impulses.
  2. Atria Contract: The upper chambers pump blood to the lower chambers.
  3. Atrioventricular (AV) Node: Delays impulse slightly, allowing ventricles to fill.
  4. Bundle of His & Purkinje Fibers: Conduct impulses, causing ventricles to contract and pump blood.
  5. Repolarization: The heart resets for the next beat.

What Can an ECG Tell Us?

An ECG helps detect conditions such as: - Arrhythmias: Irregular heart rhythms (e.g., atrial fibrillation, bradycardia, tachycardia). - Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction): Can show signs of past or ongoing damage to heart muscles. - Electrolyte Imbalances: Abnormal levels of potassium and calcium affecting heartbeat. - Heart Enlargement (Hypertrophy): Thickened heart muscle due to high blood pressure or other conditions.

When Should You Get an ECG?

Your doctor may recommend an ECG if you experience: - Chest pain or discomfort - Rapid or irregular heartbeat (palpitations) - Dizziness or fainting - Shortness of breath

Conclusion

An ECG is a simple, painless, and powerful tool to assess heart health. If you have any concerns about your heartbeat or symptoms, consult your doctor for further evaluation.

Source recommendations

1. American Heart Association Guidelines on ECG Interpretation

  1. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-attack/diagnosing-a-heart-attack/electrocardiogram-ecg-or-ekg
  2. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/circulationaha.108.191095
  3. https://www.heart.org/-/media/files/affiliates/mwa/kansas-city/kc-cardiac-and-stroke-symposium/2020-event-documents/cardiac-presentations/2-ecg-hockstad.pdf?la=en
  4. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/circulationaha.108.191098
  5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19281932/

2. European Society of Cardiology Guidelines on Arrhythmias

  1. https://www.escardio.org/Guidelines/Clinical-Practice-Guidelines/Ventricular-Arrhythmias-and-the-Prevention-of-Sudden-Cardiac-Death
  2. https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/43/40/3997/6675633
  3. https://www.escardio.org/Guidelines/Clinical-Practice-Guidelines/Supraventricular-Tachycardia
  4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36017572/
  5. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/01.cir.0000091380.04100.84

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