Understanding ECG (Electrocardiogram)

Introduction

Electrocardiography (ECG or EKG) is a vital diagnostic test that records the electrical activity of the heart over a period of time. It helps in assessing heart rhythm, diagnosing cardiac conditions, and monitoring heart function.

Why is an ECG Used?

ECGs are used for various purposes, including: - Diagnosing Arrhythmias: Identifying irregular heart rhythms. - Detecting Heart Attacks: Recognizing signs of myocardial infarction. - Evaluating Heart Structure: Identifying hypertrophy, ischemia, and other cardiac abnormalities. - Monitoring Pacemaker Function: Checking if an artificial pacemaker is working properly. - Assessing Medication Effects: Observing the impact of medications on heart function.

How is an ECG Performed?

  • Small electrodes are placed on the chest, arms, and legs.
  • These electrodes detect electrical signals generated by the heart.
  • The machine translates these signals into wave patterns that doctors analyze.

Interpreting ECG Results

  • Normal ECG: Indicates a healthy heart rhythm (sinus rhythm).
  • Abnormal ECG: May show signs of arrhythmia, ischemia, or structural abnormalities.
    • Bradycardia: Slow heart rate.
    • Tachycardia: Fast heart rate.
    • ST-Elevation: Possible heart attack (myocardial infarction).
    • Atrial Fibrillation: Irregular heartbeat that increases stroke risk.

Limitations of ECG

  • A single ECG only provides a snapshot at one moment in time.
  • Some conditions require continuous monitoring (e.g., Holter monitoring or stress tests).
  • False positive or false negative results are possible.

Conclusion

An ECG is a simple, non-invasive, and highly valuable tool in cardiac assessment. While an ECG provides crucial information about heart health, it is often used alongside other tests for a comprehensive diagnosis.

Source recommendations

1. American Heart Association Guidelines on Electrocardiography

  1. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-attack/diagnosing-a-heart-attack/electrocardiogram-ecg-or-ekg
  2. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/circulationaha.108.191095
  3. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19281932/
  4. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/circulationaha.106.180200
  5. https://cpr.heart.org/en/courses/acls-prep-ecg-pharmacology

2. European Society of Cardiology Guidelines on Cardiac Diagnosis

  1. https://www.escardio.org/Guidelines/Clinical-Practice-Guidelines
  2. https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/42/36/3599/6358045
  3. https://www.escardio.org/Guidelines/Clinical-Practice-Guidelines/Acute-and-Chronic-Heart-Failure
  4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25173338/
  5. https://www.hrsonline.org/guidance/clinical-resources/2009-guidelines-diagnosis-and-management-syncope

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