Understanding Blood Pressure and Its Impact on the Heart

Introduction

Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of your arteries as the heart pumps it around the body. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and consists of two values:

  • Systolic Pressure : The higher number, representing the pressure while the heart beats.
  • Diastolic Pressure : The lower number, representing the pressure when the heart rests between beats.

Normal and Abnormal Blood Pressure Levels

  • Normal : Below 120/80 mmHg
  • Elevated (Prehypertension) : 120-129/<80 mmHg
  • Hypertension (High Blood Pressure) :
    • Stage 1: 130-139/80-89 mmHg
    • Stage 2: 140/90 mmHg or higher
    • Hypertensive Crisis: Higher than 180/120 mmHg (requires emergency care)

How High Blood Pressure Affects the Heart

  • Increased Heart Workload : The heart must work harder to pump blood against high resistance.
  • Artery Damage : High pressure can damage arterial walls, increasing the risk of atherosclerosis.
  • Heart Enlargement (Left Ventricular Hypertrophy) : The heart muscle thickens, which can lead to heart failure.
  • Risk of Heart Attack and Stroke : Can lead to plaque buildup, vessel narrowing, or even rupture of vessels supplying the heart or brain.

Causes and Risk Factors

  • Unhealthy diet (excess salt, saturated fats, low potassium intake)
  • Lack of physical activity
  • Obesity
  • Smoking and alcohol consumption
  • Stress
  • Genetic predisposition
  • Underlying medical conditions (e.g., kidney disease, hormonal disorders)

Managing and Lowering Blood Pressure

Lifestyle Changes:

  • Reduce salt intake (<2.3g/day)
  • Eat a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains (DASH diet)
  • Exercise regularly (30 minutes of moderate exercise most days)
  • Maintain a healthy weight
  • Avoid smoking and limit alcohol consumption
  • Manage stress through relaxation techniques

Medications (for diagnosed hypertension):

  • Diuretics
  • Beta-blockers
  • ACE inhibitors
  • Calcium channel blockers
  • ARBs (Angiotensin II receptor blockers)

When to See a Doctor

  • Regularly check blood pressure, especially if you have risk factors.
  • Seek urgent help if you have symptoms like severe headache, chest pain, dizziness, or shortness of breath.

Conclusion

Controlling blood pressure is crucial for heart health. Lifestyle changes, regular monitoring, and medication (if required) help prevent complications like heart attack, stroke, and heart failure. Always consult your doctor for a personalized approach.

Source recommendations

1. American Heart Association Hypertension Guidelines

  1. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/hyp.0000000000000065
  2. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure
  3. https://professional.heart.org/en/science-news/2017-hypertension-clinical-guidelines
  4. https://www.heart.org/-/media/Files/Professional/Quality-Improvement/Pain-Management/AHA-GUIDELINEDRIVEN-MANAGEMENT-OF-HYPERTENSION--AN-EVIDENCEBASED-UPDATE.pdf
  5. https://professional.heart.org/en/guidelines-and-statements

2. European Society of Cardiology/European Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension

  1. https://www.escardio.org/Guidelines/Clinical-Practice-Guidelines/Elevated-Blood-Pressure-and-Hypertension
  2. https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/39/33/3021/5079119
  3. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37345492/
  4. https://journals.lww.com/jhypertension/fulltext/2023/12000/2023_esh_guidelines_for_the_management_of_arterial.2.aspx
  5. https://www.ejinme.com/article/S0953-6205(24)00238-3/fulltext

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