Understanding ECG Interpretation

Introduction

An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a fundamental tool in cardiology used to evaluate the heart's electrical activity. It helps in diagnosing various cardiac conditions, including arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, and conduction disorders.

Basics of ECG

An ECG provides a graphical representation of electrical impulses passing through the heart. The main components include: - P wave: Represents atrial depolarization (activation of the atria). - QRS complex: Indicates ventricular depolarization (activation of ventricles). - T wave: Reflects ventricular repolarization (recovery phase of ventricles). - PR interval: Shows the time delay between atrial and ventricular contraction. - ST segment: Can indicate ischemia or infarction if abnormal.

Interpreting Normal vs. Abnormal ECG

A normal ECG displays: - A regular rhythm (sinus rhythm) - Normal heart rate (60–100 beats per minute) - Normal intervals and wave morphology

Abnormal ECG findings may indicate: - Arrhythmias: Irregular heartbeats such as atrial fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia. - Myocardial infarction: ST-segment elevation or T-wave inversion. - Conduction defects: Bundle branch blocks or prolonged QT intervals.

When to Seek Medical Help?

An abnormal ECG requires further evaluation by a cardiologist. Symptoms like chest pain, dizziness, palpitations, or shortness of breath alongside ECG changes may indicate a medical emergency.

Conclusion

Understanding ECG patterns is crucial for detecting cardiac abnormalities early. Regular monitoring and professional interpretation help in timely diagnosis and treatment.

Source recommendations

1. American Heart Association Guidelines on ECG Interpretation

  1. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-attack/diagnosing-a-heart-attack/electrocardiogram-ecg-or-ekg
  2. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/circulationaha.108.191095
  3. https://www.heart.org/-/media/files/affiliates/mwa/kansas-city/kc-cardiac-and-stroke-symposium/2020-event-documents/cardiac-presentations/2-ecg-hockstad.pdf?la=en
  4. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/circulationaha.108.191098
  5. https://elearning.heart.org/courses

2. European Society of Cardiology Guidelines on Arrhythmias

  1. https://www.escardio.org/Guidelines/Clinical-Practice-Guidelines/Ventricular-Arrhythmias-and-the-Prevention-of-Sudden-Cardiac-Death
  2. https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/43/40/3997/6675633
  3. https://www.escardio.org/Guidelines/Clinical-Practice-Guidelines/Supraventricular-Tachycardia
  4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36017572/
  5. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/01.cir.0000091380.04100.84

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