Non-Invasive and Invasive Tests for Heart Disease

Introduction

When doctors suspect heart problems, they may use various tests to assess heart function. These tests help diagnose conditions such as coronary artery disease (CAD), heart failure, arrhythmias, and valve disorders. Testing can be divided into non-invasive and invasive methods.

Non-Invasive Tests

1. Electrocardiogram (ECG / EKG)

  • Measures the electrical activity of the heart.
  • Helps detect arrhythmias, previous heart attacks, and ischemia.

2. Echocardiogram (Echo)

  • Uses ultrasound to create images of the heart.
  • Assesses heart structure and function, valvular heart disease, and heart muscle strength.

3. Exercise Stress Test

  • Evaluates heart function under stress (e.g., treadmill or stationary bike).
  • Helps diagnose coronary artery disease and assess exercise response.

4. Holter Monitor / Event Recorder

  • A 24-hour or longer ECG recording to detect intermittent arrhythmias.

5. Cardiac MRI and CT Angiography

  • Provides detailed images of heart anatomy and blood vessels.
  • Helps in structural heart disease assessment and coronary artery visualization.

Invasive Tests

1. Coronary Angiography (NGO Test)

  • A contrast dye is injected into coronary arteries via a catheter.
  • Identifies blockages or narrowing in coronary arteries.
  • Often used before angioplasty or bypass surgery.

2. Electrophysiology Study (EPS)

  • Evaluates abnormal heart rhythms and determines the need for ablation therapy.

3. Right and Left Heart Catheterization

  • Measures pressure and oxygen levels inside the heart chambers.
  • Used to diagnose heart failure, valve disease, and congenital heart conditions.

Conclusion

Heart tests are crucial for diagnosing and managing cardiovascular diseases. Non-invasive tests are commonly used for screening and risk assessment, while invasive tests provide detailed information for critical treatment decisions.

Source recommendations

1. American Heart Association Guidelines on Cardiovascular Testing

  1. https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/fitness/fitness-basics/aha-recs-for-physical-activity-in-adults
  2. https://professional.heart.org/en/guidelines-and-statements
  3. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/consumer-healthcare/what-is-cardiovascular-disease/heart-health-screenings
  4. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/cir.0000000000000678
  5. https://professional.heart.org/en/guidelines-statements

2. European Society of Cardiology Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Coronary Syndromes

  1. https://www.escardio.org/Guidelines/Clinical-Practice-Guidelines/Chronic-Coronary-Syndromes
  2. https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/41/3/407/5556137
  3. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31504439/
  4. https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/45/36/3415/7743115
  5. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001168

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