Pulmonary Arrest: Causes, Recognition, and Management

Introduction

Pulmonary arrest is a life-threatening condition characterized by the sudden cessation of breathing, leading to oxygen deprivation and, if untreated, cardiac arrest. It requires immediate recognition and emergency intervention.

Causes of Pulmonary Arrest

Pulmonary arrest can result from various conditions, including: - Respiratory diseases: Severe asthma, COPD exacerbation, pneumonia - Neuromuscular disorders: Myasthenia gravis, Guillain-Barré syndrome - Obstruction: Foreign body aspiration, anaphylaxis - Cardiac causes: Myocardial infarction, heart failure - Toxic/metabolic causes: Drug overdose, poisoning, severe electrolyte imbalances

Recognition of Pulmonary Arrest

Key signs of pulmonary arrest include: - Absence of breathing or agonal gasps - Cyanosis (bluish discoloration of lips or fingertips) - Loss of consciousness - No detectable chest movement

Emergency Management

Immediate steps: 1. Check responsiveness – Tap the patient and shout for help. 2. Call emergency services (911/112). 3. Open the airway – Tilt the head back and check for obstruction. 4. Provide rescue breathing – If no spontaneous breathing, initiate artificial ventilation using mouth-to-mouth or a bag-mask device. 5. Begin CPR if necessary – If no pulse, start chest compressions (30 compressions to 2 breaths). 6. Use an Automated External Defibrillator (AED) if available and cardiac arrest is suspected.

Prevention and Long-Term Management

  • Managing chronic respiratory diseases effectively
  • Avoiding known allergens or triggers
  • Proper medication usage in asthma/COPD patients
  • Regular monitoring and check-ups for high-risk individuals

Conclusion

Recognizing pulmonary arrest and acting promptly can save lives. Immediate intervention with artificial ventilation and, if needed, CPR is crucial in improving survival chances.

Source recommendations

1. American Heart Association Guidelines on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care

  1. https://cpr.heart.org/en/resuscitation-science/cpr-and-ecc-guidelines
  2. https://professional.heart.org/en/science-news/2020-aha-guidelines-for-cpr-and-ecc
  3. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001194
  4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33081530/
  5. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000918

2. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation

  1. https://cprguidelines.eu/guidelines-2021
  2. https://www.erc.edu/
  3. https://cprguidelines.eu/
  4. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0300957221000551
  5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33773825/

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