Signs and Symptoms of Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

Introduction

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a chronic condition in which the heart is unable to pump blood efficiently to meet the body's needs. This leads to fluid buildup in the lungs and other parts of the body.

Key Signs and Symptoms of CHF

1. Shortness of Breath (Dyspnea)

  • Occurs during exertion or even at rest in severe cases.
  • Worsens when lying flat (orthopnea).
  • May cause sudden breathlessness at night (paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, PND).

2. Fatigue and Weakness

  • Reduced oxygen delivery to muscles leads to tiredness.
  • Patients may struggle with daily activities.

3. Swelling (Edema)

  • Fluid retention causes swelling in the legs, ankles, and feet.
  • In advanced cases, abdominal swelling (ascites) may occur.

4. Rapid or Irregular Heartbeat (Palpitations)

  • The heart compensates for its weakness by beating faster or irregularly.

5. Persistent Cough or Wheezing

  • Due to fluid buildup in the lungs.
  • May produce pink-tinged or frothy sputum (a sign of severe CHF).

6. Sudden Weight Gain

  • Rapid fluid accumulation causes noticeable weight changes over days.

7. Increased Need to Urinate at Night (Nocturia)

  • Poor circulation during the day leads to fluid retention, which is released at night when lying down.

8. Cognitive Impairment (Brain Fog, Confusion)

  • In severe CHF, reduced blood flow to the brain may cause confusion and memory problems.

When to See a Doctor

If you experience persistent shortness of breath, swelling, or fatigue, seek medical attention immediately.

Conclusion

CHF is a serious but manageable condition with early diagnosis and treatment. Recognizing symptoms early can help improve prognosis and quality of life.

Source recommendations

1. American College of Cardiology (ACC) and American Heart Association (AHA) Guidelines for the Management of Heart Failure

  1. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001063
  2. https://www.acc.org/education-and-meetings/products-and-resources/features/global-cv-institute/heart-failure-guidelines
  3. https://www.jacc.org/doi/10.1016/j.jacc.2023.12.024
  4. https://www.acc.org/Guidelines
  5. https://professional.heart.org/en/science-news/-/media/832EA0F4E73948848612F228F7FA2D35.ashx

2. European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure

  1. https://www.escardio.org/Guidelines/Clinical-Practice-Guidelines/Acute-and-Chronic-Heart-Failure
  2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34447992/
  3. https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/42/36/3599/6358045
  4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22611136/
  5. https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/44/37/3627/7246292

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