Ventricular Fibrillation and Heart Rate

Introduction

Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is a life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia in which the ventricles of the heart quiver rather than contract properly. This leads to inadequate blood circulation and, if not treated promptly, can result in sudden cardiac arrest and death.

What Happens to Heart Rate in VF?

In VF, the heart rate becomes extremely rapid and chaotic. Unlike normal heartbeats, which follow an organized electrical pattern, VF causes the heart's electrical impulses to become disordered, leading to: - Extreme tachycardia: The ventricular rate can reach 300–500 beats per minute. - Lack of effective contractions: Despite the rapid electrical activity, the heart does not pump blood effectively. - Immediate loss of consciousness: Since blood flow to the brain stops, a person with VF collapses within seconds.

Causes of Ventricular Fibrillation

VF is often triggered by: - Previous heart attacks (myocardial infarction) - Cardiomyopathy or heart failure - Electrical abnormalities (e.g., Long QT Syndrome, Brugada Syndrome) - Severe electrolyte imbalances (low potassium or magnesium levels) - Drug toxicity (certain antiarrhythmics, stimulants like cocaine)

Treatment of Ventricular Fibrillation

  • Immediate defibrillation: The most effective treatment is an electrical shock (defibrillation) to reset the heart's rhythm.
  • Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR): Until defibrillation is available, high-quality chest compressions help maintain minimal blood flow to the brain and organs.
  • Antiarrhythmic medications: Drugs like amiodarone or lidocaine may help stabilize the rhythm after VF is treated.
  • Identifying and treating underlying causes: Long-term prevention may involve an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) or medications to prevent recurrence.

Conclusion

VF is a medical emergency that requires immediate action. If you witness someone collapse and suspect VF, call emergency medical services, start CPR, and use an automated external defibrillator (AED) if available.

Source recommendations

1. American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care

  1. https://professional.heart.org/en/science-news/2020-aha-guidelines-for-cpr-and-ecc
  2. https://cpr.heart.org/en/resuscitation-science/cpr-and-ecc-guidelines
  3. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001194
  4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33081530/
  5. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000918

2. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Advanced Life Support

  1. https://cprguidelines.eu/guidelines-2021
  2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33773825/
  3. https://cprguidelines.eu/
  4. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0300957215003287
  5. https://www.erc.edu/

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